Détail du congrès:
Congrès: 4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) (9-13 mai 2011)
Commentaire :
AFM
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Documents disponibles provenant de ce congrès (480)
Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Clément N ; Pisani D ; Sacconi S ; Desnuelle C ; Dani C ; Dechesne CA | 2011INTRODUCTION: Muscle-derived cells are able to differentiate towards osteogenic, chondrogenic or adipogenic lineage, in addition of their myogenic potential. Thisraises many biological and clinical questions. The cellular bases and the role of t[...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Liao H ; Adriouch S ; Authier FJ ; Boyer O ; Gherardi RK | AFM-TELETHON | 2011Myoinjury elicits an innate immune response with local generation of monocyte-derived "inflammatory" dendritic cells (Brigitte et al, Arthritis Rheum 2010). The adaptative immune response takes place in draining lymph nodes (dLNs) and spleen whe[...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Espartaco R ; Margaret M ; Eck P ; Leroy F ; Moirot P ; Lamy T ; Françoise C | 2011An obese (1m65, 105 kg) woman presented since the age of 53 years, in 2002, a facial weakness, initially left, then bilateral, associated with an hypoesthesia in the territory of the lower branch of the fifth cranial nerve and with a paralysis o[...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Etienne M ; Giannesini B ; Mille-Hamard L ; Relizani K ; Denis R ; Hourde C ; Agbulut O ; Lutzkendorf S ; Arandel L ; Vignaud A ; Garcia L ; Ferry A ; Luquet S ; Billat V ; Bendahan D ; Ventura-Clapier R ; Schuelke M ; Amthor H | 2011The function of myostatin to restrict growth of the body musculature is often regarded as disadvantageous, because muscle prowess commonly associates with health and fitness.Here, we show that larger skeletal muscle that developed in absence of [...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Chelh I ; Hadj Sassi A ; Pires-Alves A ; Cottin P | AFM-TELETHON | 2011Myostatin (MSTN), a growth factor member of the TGF-beta superfamily acts as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth and then contributes to muscle atrophy. The objective of this study* was to determine the interactions between this growt[...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Gentil C ; Mouisel E ; Amthor H ; Ferry A ; Voit T ; Garcia L ; Pietri Rouxel F | AFM-TELETHON | 2011In skeletal muscle, the _1 S subunit of the DHPR calcium channel functions both as the L-type Ca2+ channel and the voltage sensor for excitation-contraction coupling. We have combined optimized U7snRNA and gene transfer to achieve long-lasting d[...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Relizani K | AFM-TELETHON | 2011Objective: Abrogation of activin-receptor signaling such as myostatin blockade stimulates skeletal muscle growth and is regarded as a potential therapeutic strategy against muscle wasting in muscular dystrophies. We previously explored the myost[...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Rodriguez J ; Hayot M ; Vernus B ; Carnac G ; Jean E ; Allen D ; Goret L ; Obert P ; Candau R ; Bonnieu A | AFM-TELETHON | 2011Myostatin, a member of the TGF-_ superfamily of ligands, has been shown to be a negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass during embryogenesis and early postnatal muscle growth. Several studies indicate that myostatin is an important mediator o[...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Hernandez-Hernandez O ; Guiraud-Dogan C ; Sicot G ; Luilier S ; Saenger S ; Obriot H ; Huguet A ; Nicole A ; Marsiniak E ; Revillod L ; Bizot JC ; Humez S ; Bassez G ; Metzger F ; Sergeant N ; Gourdon G ; Gomes Pereira M | AFM-TELETHON | 2011Although traditionally regarded as a muscle disease, myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) has emerged as a brain disorder. The congenital form of the disease presents severe mental retardation, whereas hypersomnia, learning problems, personality chan[...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Makri S ; Salhi S ; Richard P ; Terki N ; Romero NB ; Guicheney P ; Kaci-Ahmed MA | 2011Introduction. Mutations in the FKRP gene result in a wide spectrum of clinical conditions ranging from of congenital muscular dystophy (MDC1C) to a milder form of limb girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD2I). Both intelligence and brain imaging have [...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Jacquette A ; Lemaitre H ; Angeard N ; Eymard B ; Whalen S ; Desguerre I ; Brunelle F ; Zilbovicius M ; Heron D ; Boddaert N | AFM-TELETHON | 2011Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is an autosomal dominant inherited neuromuscular condition caused by an abnormal CTG triplet expansion within the 3' untranslated region of the myotonic dystrophy protein kinase (DMPK) gene on chromosome 19q35The [...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Bucher T ; Joussemet B ; Astord S ; Briot-Nivard D ; Wakeling E ; Fyfe J ; Costiou P ; Marais T ; Hogrel JY ; Voit T ; Moullier P ; Barkats M | 2011Domestic cats exhibiting a recessive form of lower motor neuron (MN) degeneration, associated with a deletion of the lix1 gene, represent a large animal model of type III spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). In this study, we first analyzed the effici[...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Hanisch F ; Weidemann W ; Stoltenburg G ; Weis J ; Zierz S ; Horstkorte R | 2011Background: Hereditary inclusion body myopathy type 2 (hIBM) is a rare autosomal-recessive disorder due to mutations in the UDP-N-Acetylglucosamine2-Epimerase/NAcetylmannosamine kinase [GNE]. The model of the Gne-/-hGNED176VL-Tg mouse resembles [...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Sarzi E ; Prouteau C ; Bielicki G ; Boddaert N ; Rigau V ; Delettre C ; Hamel C ; Reynier P ; Lenaers G | AFM-TELETHON | 2011PURPOSEDominant Optic Atrophy (DOA) is an inherited mitochondrial disease mainly caused by mutations in the OPA1 gene, encoding a dynamin-related GTPase involved in mitochondrial fusion, cristae organization and control of apoptosis. DOA is char[...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Cluet D ; Dibenedetto S ; Drouin E ; Spichty M ; Yu LL ; Thomas JL ; Gangloff YG ; Yuan CG ; Schaeffer L ; Zoli M ; Rudkin B ; Zhang Q ; Ding S | 2011One of the most important and time-consuming challenge in vivo studies of neuro-muscular diseases is to precisely monitor subtle and significant modifications of thecharacteristics within the myofiber population. To date, counting and shape desc[...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Carole V ; Pascal R ; Bérard C | 2011Author:C. Vuillerot1, P. Rippert1, C. Brd1 and the NM-Score study group21 L'Escale, HFME, HCL, France2 France (Angers, Grenoble, Hendaye, Lille, Marseille, Montpellier, Nice, Paris, St Denis de la Rion, St Etienne, Toulouse, Vandoeuvre les Nancy[...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Dangelo MG ; Gandossini S ; Sciorati C ; Bonato S ; Brighina E ; Boneschi FM ; Comi GP ; Turconi AC ; Brunelli S ; Baldelli S ; Cattaneo D ; Bresolin N ; Clementi E | 2011ObjectiveWe performed a pilot study with the primary aim to establish the safety, tolerability of a combination of the NO donor isosorbide dinitrate and the non steroid antiinflammatorydrug ibuprofen in a cohort of adult patients affected by mus[...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Billiet L ; Gonçalves C ; Berchel M ; Jaffrès PA ; Montier T ; Lehn P ; Bertrand E ; El-Ghoul Y ; Cheradame H ; Guegan P ; Pichon C ; Midoux P | 2011Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is one of the most severe myopathies caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. Gene therapy is being investigated to introduce by non viral vectors, the normal dystrophin gene into skeletal muscle cells. The k[...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Piekuse L ; Lce B ; Bauze D ; Pronina N ; Daneberga Z ; Krumina A | AFM-TELETHON | 2011Case report - girl 4y of age had genetic consultation due to slight mental retardation, speech delay, autistic behavior, stereotypic movements and not developed fine motor skills. In blood biochemical investigation there were discovered slightly[...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Hubert JF ; Moore S ; Delalande O ; Chéron A ; Bennett L ; Kupski W ; El-Baba M ; Le Rumeur E ; Ascadi G | 2011Missense mutations in the dystrophin gene often lead to Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) but genotype/phenotype correlation is difficult to establish. Amino acid substitutions even in the repeat region of dystrophin may disrupt binding capacities[...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Rafai MA ; Ibnkhribchia R ; Boulaajaj F ; Oumari S ; Manaf S ; El Moutawakil B ; Slassi I | AFM-TELETHON | 2011Introduction: Idiopathic orbital myositis is a rare entity, considered a sub-group of the orbit's Inflammatory pseudotumori. Cases report: Case 1: A 44 years old woman admitted for bilateral orbital pain, associated periorbital oedema and diplop[...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Loureiro De Sousa P ; Vignaud A ; Caldas de Almeida Araujo E ; Carlier PG | AFM-TELETHON | 2011Background. There is a strong need of non-invasive outcome measures for monitoring the natural progression of muscle disorders, particularly at the early stages of involvement. In this context, quantitative NMR imaging might provide objective ma[...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Hanif M ; Pelin K ; Gronholm M ; Wallgren-Pettersson C | 2011The core objective of this study is to help elucidate the functional pathogenesis of nemaline myopathy and related disorders caused by mutations in the nebulin gene (NEB). Nebulin is a giant actin-binding protein which is located in the I-band o[...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Fréret M ; Drouot L ; Ahmed Lecheheb S ; Dauly C ; Cosette P ; Authier FJ ; Boyer O | AFM-TELETHON | 2011Normal muscle fibers do not express detectable levels of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I). In contrast, high-level expression of MHC-I is a hallmark of muscle autoimmune diseases such as polymyositis, inclusion-body myositis or d[...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Cacheux M ; Fauré J ; Brocard J ; Monnier N ; Lunardi J ; Marty I | 2011Muscle contraction is achieved when an efficient excitation signal at the plasma membrane triggers intracellular calcium release. This process called "excitationcontraction (E-C) coupling" relies on a multimolecular protein complex, the calcium [...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Portilho D ; Mamchaoui K ; Lanzarini C ; Capri M ; Salvioli S ; Franceschi C ; van der Maarel S ; Butler Browne G ; Dumonceaux J | AFM-TELETHON | 2011Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) is the third most common muscular dystrophy and it is characterized by progressive weakness and atrophy of the facial and shoulder girdle muscles. FSHD is caused by deletion of most copies of the 3.3-kb subte[...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Galy A ; Sambasivan R ; Yao R ; Kissenpfennig A ; Van Wittenberghe L ; Paldi A ; Gayraud-Morel B ; Guenou H ; Malissen B ; Tajbakhsh S | AFM-TELETHON | 2011INTRODUCTION: Muscle-derived cells are able to differentiate towards osteogenic, chondrogenic or adipogenic lineage, in addition of their myogenic potential. This raises many biological and clinical questions. The cellular bases and the role of [...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Lepper C ; Partridge T ; Chen-Ming F | AFM-TELETHON | 2011Skeletal muscle tissue is prone to damage from acute physical trauma such as sport injuries as well as from daily wear and tear: this is managed by its tremendous capacity to repair itself. Cell transplantation and lineage tracing studies have d[...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Kostallari E ; Lafuste P ; Baba-Amer Y ; Gherardi RK | 2011Sublaminar location has been the cornerstone of both definition and identification of muscle satellite cells (mSCs), but little attention has been paid to the anatomic organization of the mSC niche, and interplays of mSCs with their neighborhood[...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Sarrazin N ; Bangratz M ; Devaux J ; Zambroni D ; Echaniz-Laguna JA ; Rene F ; Boerio D ; Davoine CS ; Fontaine B ; Feltri ML ; Benoit E ; Nicole S | 2011Schwartz-Jampel syndrome (SJS) is a recessive disorder characterized by spontaneous activity in the rest EMG that may result from peripheral nerve hyperexcitability (PNH). SJS results from a lack of perlecan, the major proteoglycan of basement m[...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Daussin F ; Godin R ; Ascah A ; Deschênes S ; Petrof B ; Burelle Y | 2011We examined the mitochondrial phenotype in skeletal muscle in the early phase of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), and determined whether upregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis via PGC-1_ transfection is beneficial in the mdx mice, a murine m[...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Jedrzejowska M ; Milewski M ; Zimowski J ; Kostera-Pruszczyk A ; Jurek M ; Hausmanowa-Petrusewicz I | AFM-TELETHON | 2011In this report we summarize the results of the work on the phenotype, epidemiology and molecular genetics of Polish cases of spinal muscular atrophy caused by SMN1 mutations.Biallelic loss of exon 7 of the SMN1 gene, the most frequent SMA mutati[...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Briggs D ; Morgan J ; Boldrin L | 2011Satellite cells are the principal muscle stem cell, however not all satellite cells contribute equally to muscle regeneration. It is thought that there is a sub-population of satellite cells which is more 'stem cell like' than others. We aim to [...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Viollet L ; Lewelt A ; Alvarez JC ; Reyna S ; Stoddard G ; Etheridge S ; LaSalle B ; Swoboda K | AFM-TELETHON | 2011The aim of this project is to determine whether 3,4 diaminopyridine (3,4DAP) is a viable treatment candidate for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Aminopyridines are voltage dependent potassium channel inhibitors that increase the duration and the [...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Helmbacher F ; Caruso N ; Herberth B ; Bartoli M ; Dumonceaux J ; Lebossé M ; Maina F | AFM-TELETHON | 2011Generation of skeletal muscles with forms adapted to their function is essential for normal movement, and involves developmental mechanisms such as those regulating muscle diversification and migration. Understanding these developmental processe[...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Roig-Borrellas A ; Diaz-Ramos MA ; García-Melero A ; Lopez-Alemany R | AFM-TELETHON | 2011Plasminogen activation system (PA) plays an important role in the degradation of extracellular matrix components. Plasmin (Pli), the activated form of plasminogen (Plg), is implicated in several biological processes such as tissue remodelating a[...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Cassinelli LM ; Maciotta S ; Gandolfi F ; Forcato M ; Bicciato S ; Meregalli M ; Torrente Y | 2011Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a common X-linked disease characterized by frameshift mutations in the dystrophin gene. Among the molecular mechanisms potentially involved in DMD, we focused our attention on microRNAs (miRNAs) a new class o[...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Pinto Mariz F ; Barthelemy I ; Yada E ; Voit T ; Silva-Barbosa SD ; Savino W ; Butler Browne G ; Blot S | 2011It is well known that the disease course in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients is heterogeneous, varying from patient to patient. Such heterogeneity is also seen in the Golden Retriever Muscular Dystrophy (GRMD) dogs. This is a drawback [...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Wahbi K ; Meune C ; Bécane HM ; Laforet P ; Behin A ; Stojkovic T ; Radvanyi-Hoffman H ; Eymard B ; Duboc D | AFM-TELETHON | 2011Background: Permanent pacing is recommended in patients with myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) for the prevention of sudden cardiac death. However its impact on mortality is unknown.Methods: We retrospectively analyzed medical information of DM1 p[...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Diguet N ; Mallat Y ; Ladouce R ; Clodic G ; Tritsch E ; Blanc J ; Larcher JC ; Delcayre C ; Samuel JL ; Friguet B ; Bolbach G ; Li Z ; Mericskay M | 2011RATIONALE: Alterations in the balance between sarcomeric and extra-sarcomeric cytoskeleton as well as energetic proteins are involved in the remodelling of cardiomyocytes cytoarchitecture in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). OBJECTIVE: Inactivation [...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Benedetti S ; Magagnotti C ; Bachi A ; Zerbini G ; Fattore E ; Riba M ; Previtali S ; M.Ferrari ; Andolfo A | 2011Lamins A/C, encoded by the LMNA gene, are intermediate filaments of the nuclear lamina playing multiple roles in nuclear integrity, chromatin organization and transcriptional control. Defects in the LMNA gene have been associated with a growing [...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Denard J ; Beley C ; Kotin R ; Samulski J ; Moullier P ; Voit T ; Garcia L ; Svinartchouk F | 2011Despite the well-established safety and efficacy of rAAV vectors for in vivo gene transfer, there is still little information concerning the fate of vectors after systemic delivery. By using a proteomic approach, we screened for serum proteins i[...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Barthelemy I ; Thibaud JL ; Aguilar P ; Le Chevoir M ; Blot S | 2011Most of DMD (Duchenne muscular dystrophy) patients die from respiratory failure. Their canine homologues, GRMD (Golden retriever muscular dystrophy) dogs, also develop respiratory dysfunction. The evaluation of this function seems essential duri[...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Carlier PG ; Loureiro De Sousa P ; Azzabou N ; Wary C ; Carlier RY | 2011Muscle imaging, and in particular NMR imaging, will play an increasingly important role, together with dynamometry and actimetry, for the evaluation of therapeutic interventions in patients with neuro-muscular disorders. To fulfil this mission, [...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Hébert L ; Puymirat J ; Saulnier J ; Vial C ; Remec JF | AFM-TELETHON | 2011Introduction. Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a multisystem disorder that demonstrates variable symptoms and rates of progression. Muscle weakness is considered one of the main problems with a clinical picture that is characterized by distal [...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Guevel L ; Talon S ; Perez Iratxeta C ; Dubreil L ; Lavoie J ; Feron M ; Brand M ; Megeney L ; Rouger K | 2011Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the most common form of inherited neuromuscular disorder, is caused by null mutations in the dystrophin gene, leading to progressive and unrelenting muscle loss. Although the genetic basis of DMD is well resolv[...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Borel P ; Guerchet N ; Tanniou G ; Bloch R ; Roche J ; Richard I ; Stockholm D | 2011Sarcolemmal disruptions in myofibers can represent a physiologic response to a particular mechanic stress like lengthening contractions. These membrane tears result in intracellular changes that play a crucial role in physiopathology of the dise[...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Decorte N ; Cabrol L ; Drouet M ; Azzabou N ; Carlier PG | 2011Purpose. Abnormal skeletal muscle enhancement post Gd-contrast agent (Gd-CA) injection is a common feature on NMR images in inflammatory diseases but also inchronic interstitial fibrosis or in conditions where sarcolemma permeability is increase[...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Hardeman E ; Lee A ; Joya J ; Gunning P | 2011We are developing a strategy for the selective engraftment of stem cells in a solid tissue. It is based on the forced expression in transplanted cells of a mutant form of methylguanine methyltransferase [MGMT(P140K)] which can confer resistance [...]Article
4th International Congress of Myology, 4ème colloque international de Myologie (9-13 mai 2011; Lille (France)) ; Guiraud A ; Baas D ; Schaeffer L ; Goillot E | AFM-TELETHON | 2011Membrane remodelling is a fundamental process in skeletal muscle. It is involved in the generation and repair of myofibers, the formation and maintenance of neuromuscular junctions, and the development of T-tubules. The importance of membrane re[...]